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ESO Y4A · Mathematics
Numbers · Integers, rational and decimal numbers

Operations with rational numbers

You can already add, subtract, multiply and divide fractions separately. Here you will use them inside real multi-step problems: a half-sized recipe, a cyclist riding in stages, an unknown hidden in an equality with fractions.

Before you start, make sure you know: Operations with rational numbers (2nd ESO)
Before you start, make sure you know: Problems with fractions (3rd ESO)

A quick review of combined operations

Diagram of the order of operations in a combined operation: first the brackets, then the product and finally the subtraction. 3/4 − (1/2 + 2/5) · 5/3 1ºbrackets 2ºproduct 3ºsubtraction
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Work out the following combined operation with fractions, respecting the order of operations, and express the result as an irreducible fraction:…

Work out the following combined operation with fractions, respecting the order of operations, and express the result as an irreducible fraction:

$ \frac{3}{4} - \left( \frac{1}{2} + \frac{2}{5} \right) \cdot \frac{5}{3} $

Solve

A fraction of a fraction

"Half of three quarters" does not mean adding, it means multiplying: whenever you read "of" between two fractions or quantities, it is a multiplication.

Geometric representation of a fraction of a fraction by dividing a rectangle to calculate half of three quarters. 3/4 of flour 1/2 recipe 1/2 · 3/4 = 3/8 kg
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A baking recipe requires $\frac{3}{4}$ of a kilogram of flour to make a whole cake. If we only have enough ingredients to make half the recipe, how much flour will we…

A baking recipe requires $\frac{3}{4}$ of a kilogram of flour to make a whole cake. If we only have enough ingredients to make half the recipe, how much flour will we need? Express the result as an irreducible fraction.

Solve

Compound fractions: the fraction tower

A fraction can have another fraction in its numerator or denominator. It is solved from the inside out, like any combined operation: first the top, then the bottom, and finally you divide.

Solving a fraction tower by calculating the numerator and the denominator separately before dividing. 1 + 1/2 1 − 1/3 3/2 2/3 calculated separately the numerator and the denominator
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Solve the following complex fraction, simplifying the numerator and the denominator before performing the main division: $ \frac{1 + \frac{1}{2}}{1 - \frac{1}{3}} $

Solve the following complex fraction, simplifying the numerator and the denominator before performing the main division:

$ \frac{1 + \frac{1}{2}}{1 - \frac{1}{3}} $

Solve

The unknown inside a fraction

Visual diagram showing how to solve for a fractional unknown by multiplying both sides by the reciprocal fraction. 2/3 · x − 1/4 = 5/12 1/4 moves across by adding 2/3 · x = 2/3 × reciprocal of 2/3 x = 1
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Find the value of the unknown $x$ that makes the following equation true: $ \frac{2}{3} \cdot x - \frac{1}{4} = \frac{5}{12} $

Find the value of the unknown $x$ that makes the following equation true:

$ \frac{2}{3} \cdot x - \frac{1}{4} = \frac{5}{12} $

Solve

"What is left" problems

The challenge is not the calculation, but reading carefully which quantity each fraction applies to: sometimes it is the total, and sometimes it is "what is left" after another share.

Diagram of a cycling stage broken down into one third of the total, two fifths of what was left and the remaining thirty kilometres. total distance covered 1/31st hour 2/5of the remainder 30 kmremaining of the totalof what is leftwhat is still to go
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A cyclist completes $\frac{1}{3}$ of a stage in the first hour. In the second hour, he covers $\frac{2}{5}$ of the remaining distance. If after these two hours he still…

A cyclist completes $\frac{1}{3}$ of a stage in the first hour. In the second hour, he covers $\frac{2}{5}$ of the remaining distance. If after these two hours he still has 30 km left to reach the finish line, what is the total length of the stage?

1/3 2/5 of the remainder 30 km Total Distance = ?
Solve
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A technology company allocates $\frac{3}{8}$ of its annual budget to salaries, $\frac{1}{5}$ to marketing campaigns and $\frac{1}{4}$ of the remaining budget to research…

A technology company allocates $\frac{3}{8}$ of its annual budget to salaries, $\frac{1}{5}$ to marketing campaigns and $\frac{1}{4}$ of the remaining budget to research and development (R&D). What fraction of the total budget remains available for other operating expenses?

Solve
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A metal alloy used in aerospace engineering consists of $\frac{3}{7}$ copper, $\frac{2}{5}$ zinc, and the rest is tin. If the total mass of a part made from this alloy…

A metal alloy used in aerospace engineering consists of $\frac{3}{7}$ copper, $\frac{2}{5}$ zinc, and the rest is tin. If the total mass of a part made from this alloy is 140 kg, how many exact kilograms of tin does it contain?

Solve
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One tap can fill a swimming pool in 4 hours, while a second tap can fill it in 6 hours. If both taps are opened at the same time, what fraction of the pool will be…

One tap can fill a swimming pool in 4 hours, while a second tap can fill it in 6 hours. If both taps are opened at the same time, what fraction of the pool will be filled after 1 hour? How much total time (in hours and minutes) will they take to fill the pool completely?

Solve
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Work out the exact sum of the following series of fractions. (Hint: Observe the pattern and split each fraction into the difference of two simpler fractions, for example…

Work out the exact sum of the following series of fractions. (Hint: Observe the pattern and split each fraction into the difference of two simpler fractions, for example $\frac{1}{n \cdot (n+1)} = \frac{1}{n} - \frac{1}{n+1}$):

$ \frac{1}{1 \cdot 2} + \frac{1}{2 \cdot 3} + \frac{1}{3 \cdot 4} + \dots + \frac{1}{9 \cdot 10} $

Solve

Summary

See all the exercises in this section