Similarity of triangles

Two triangles are similar if their corresponding angles are equal. Check whether the following two triangles are similar by calculating the missing angle in each one:

• Triangle A has two angles measuring $45^\circ$ and $75^\circ$.

• Triangle B has two angles measuring $75^\circ$ and $60^\circ$.

Remember that the sum of the interior angles of any triangle is always $180^\circ$.

Two Year 8 students, Lucía and Marcos, are checking whether two triangular sails from their dinghies are similar. Lucía's sail has two angles measuring $65^\circ$ and $45^\circ$. Marcos's sail has one angle measuring $45^\circ$ and another measuring $70^\circ$.

a) Calculate the third angle of each of the sails.

b) Explain, using similarity criteria, whether the two sails have the same shape (are similar).

We have two isosceles triangles. The first has an unequal angle of $40^\circ$ and its equal sides measure $10\text{ cm}$ each. The second also has an unequal angle of $40^\circ$, but its equal sides measure $15\text{ cm}$.

a) Are these two triangles similar? Justify your answer citing the similarity test applied.

b) What is the scale factor from the second to the first?

c) If the base of the first triangle measures $6,84\text{ cm}$, how long will the base of the second one be?

Calculate the scale factor $k$ that transforms the small triangle into the large triangle, knowing that they are similar. Once $k$ is found, state the length of the side marked with the letter $x$.

Calculate the distance between points $B$ and $D$ in the following figure, knowing that segments $BC$ and $DE$ are parallel and that points $A$, $B$ and $D$ are collinear, as are $A$, $C$ and $E$. The known data are: $AB = 6\text{ cm}$, $BC = 5\text{ cm}$ and $DE = 12,5\text{ cm}$.

In the design of a metal structure for a roof, two parallel beams are used to reinforce the main truss. Knowing that the triangles formed are in Thales' position, calculate the length of the segments marked as $x$ and $y$ in the following diagram:

(Note: On the base, the small segment measures $4\text{ m}$ and the total is $10\text{ m}$. On the inclined pitch, the small segment measures $5\text{ m}$. Find $x$, the remaining base, and $y$, the remaining segment of the inclined pitch).

To calculate the width of a river without crossing it, a surveyor places several stakes as shown in the figure. The triangles formed, $ABC$ and $CDE$, are similar because the banks are parallel and the lines of sight intersect at point $C$. If the measurements taken are $AB = 24$ m, $BC = 30$ m, and $CD = 15$ m, determine the width of the river ($ED$) and explain which similarity test you applied.

To measure the height of a basketball hoop, a group of students uses a stick $1,5$ metres tall placed vertically. At the same moment that the shadow of the stick measures $1,2$ metres, the shadow of the basketball hoop cast on the ground measures $2,4$ metres. Calculate the height of the basketball hoop using the similarity of the triangles formed by the sun.

A group of Year 8 students wants to measure the height of their city's communications tower. To do so, they use a vertical pole $2,5$ metres tall. They place the pole in such a way that, at a specific moment, the tip of the tower's shadow and the tip of the pole's shadow coincide at the same point on the ground. If the distance from the base of the pole to the point where the shadows end is $3,2$ metres, and the distance from the base of the tower to the base of the pole is $18,4$ metres, calculate the height of the tower.

A carpenter is designing a shelving unit reinforced with a crossbar in the shape of a right-angled triangle. In the base triangle, the altitude to the hypotenuse divides it into two segments measuring $18$ cm and $32$ cm. The carpenter needs to know the length of the two wooden slats that form the legs of the triangle in order to buy them. Calculate the length of both legs and the height of the crossbar using similarity relationships in right-angled triangles.