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Real numbers · Sequences

Decreasing sequences

A metal cools down, a car loses value, a ball bounces lower each time. In these processes each term is smaller than the previous one. As with growth, here you are going to prove it algebraically, not just observe it.

Before you start, make sure you know: Algebraic fractions (4th ESO)
Before you start, make sure you know: Inequalities (4th ESO)

The difference test

Plot of the first terms of a strictly decreasing sequence, where each point lies lower than the previous one relative to the reference axis. each point lies below the previous one
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Prove, by analysing the sign of the difference $a_{n+1} - a_n$, that the polynomial sequence with general term $a_n = -4n + 7$ is strictly decreasing for every natural…

Prove, by analysing the sign of the difference $a_{n+1} - a_n$, that the polynomial sequence with general term $a_n = -4n + 7$ is strictly decreasing for every natural number $n$.

Solve
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State whether the following statement is true or false and justify your answer with a numerical counterexample: "Every sequence whose terms are all negative is…

State whether the following statement is true or false and justify your answer with a numerical counterexample: "Every sequence whose terms are all negative is necessarily a decreasing sequence".

Solve
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Prove that the sequence with general term $a_n = \frac{2n+5}{3n+1}$ is strictly decreasing. To do so, set up the inequality $a_{n+1} < a_n$, perform algebraic operations…

Prove that the sequence with general term $a_n = \frac{2n+5}{3n+1}$ is strictly decreasing. To do so, set up the inequality $a_{n+1} < a_n$, perform algebraic operations and arrive at a statement that is true for all $n \ge 1$.

Solve

The quotient test

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Use the ratio test $\frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n}$ to prove that the geometric sequence of positive terms $a_n = \left(\frac{3}{4}\right)^n$ is strictly decreasing.

Use the ratio test $\frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n}$ to prove that the geometric sequence of positive terms $a_n = \left(\frac{3}{4}\right)^n$ is strictly decreasing.

Solve
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Consider the sequence combining a power and a factorial $b_n = \frac{5^n}{n!}$. Calculate its first six terms and observe its behaviour. Using the ratio test, determine…

Consider the sequence combining a power and a factorial $b_n = \frac{5^n}{n!}$. Calculate its first six terms and observe its behaviour. Using the ratio test, determine analytically from which exact value of $n$ the sequence becomes strictly decreasing.

Solve

Decreasing from a given term onwards

Some sequences are not decreasing from the start: they rise for a while and then start to fall for ever. You have to find the position from which the behaviour changes.

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Calculate the first five terms of the quadratic sequence $c_n = -n^2 + 6n$. Is it a decreasing sequence from the first term? Determine from which value of $n$ onwards…

Calculate the first five terms of the quadratic sequence $c_n = -n^2 + 6n$. Is it a decreasing sequence from the first term? Determine from which value of $n$ onwards the sequence becomes strictly decreasing.

Solve
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Study the monotonicity of the sequence $d_n = \frac{(-1)^n}{n}$. Is it a decreasing sequence? Define a new sequence $e_n = |d_n|$ by taking the modulus of each term and…

Study the monotonicity of the sequence $d_n = \frac{(-1)^n}{n}$. Is it a decreasing sequence? Define a new sequence $e_n = |d_n|$ by taking the modulus of each term and prove step by step that $(e_n)$ is indeed a strictly decreasing sequence.

Solve

Sequences with radicals and boundedness

Cartesian graph of a decreasing sequence whose terms gradually approach a horizontal lower bound without crossing it. upper bound M lower bound m all the terms lie between m and M
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Prove that the sequence constructed using radicals $c_n = \sqrt{n+2} - \sqrt{n}$ is strictly decreasing. Multiply and divide by the conjugate expression before analysing…

Prove that the sequence constructed using radicals $c_n = \sqrt{n+2} - \sqrt{n}$ is strictly decreasing. Multiply and divide by the conjugate expression before analysing whether $c_{n+1} < c_n$.

Solve
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Consider the sequence defined by $a_n = \frac{3^n + 2}{3^n}$. Prove that it is bounded below by $1$ and that it is strictly decreasing. Finally, determine from which…

Consider the sequence defined by $a_n = \frac{3^n + 2}{3^n}$. Prove that it is bounded below by $1$ and that it is strictly decreasing. Finally, determine from which value of $n$ onwards the difference between two consecutive terms has a modulus less than $10^{-4}$.

Solve

Back to the start: If a ball bounces losing $20\,\%$ of its height at each bounce ($h_n = h_0 \cdot 0{,}8^n$), the sequence is strictly decreasing because $\frac{h_{n+1}}{h_n} = 0{,}8 < 1$ with positive terms.

Summary

See all the exercises in this section