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Functions · Limits and continuity

Limit of a function as x → ∞

You already know how to find the limit of a function as $x$ approaches a specific point. Now we ask something different: what happens to $f(x)$ as $x$ goes very far away, towards $+\infty$ or towards $-\infty$? The answer follows very clear patterns depending on the type of function.

Before you start, make sure you know: Algebraic fractions (4th ESO)
Before you start, make sure you know: Properties of powers (4th ESO)

Polynomials: the term of highest degree dominates

Concept diagram showing how the polynomial $-2x^3 + 5x^2 - x + 7$ reduces to its dominant term $-2x^3$ when $x \to \pm\infty$. −2x³ + 5x² − x + 7 x → ±∞ −2x³ only the term of highest degree mattersas x → ±∞
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Calculate the value of the following polynomial limits as $x \to +\infty$ and as $x \to -\infty$: a) $\lim_{x \to +\infty} (-2x^3 + 5x^2 - x + 7)$ b)…

Calculate the value of the following polynomial limits as $x \to +\infty$ and as $x \to -\infty$:

  1. a) $\lim_{x \to +\infty} (-2x^3 + 5x^2 - x + 7)$
  2. b) $\lim_{x \to -\infty} (4x^4 - 3x^3 + 2)$
Solve

Rational functions: comparing the degrees

Diagram of the rule of degrees for limits of rational functions at infinity: numerator of lower degree gives 0, equal degrees give the quotient of the leading coefficients, and numerator of higher degree gives infinity. y = 0 (asymptote) degree of numerator < degree of denominator→ the limit is 0
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Determine the value of the following limits of rational functions where the degree of the numerator and the denominator are equal: a)…

Determine the value of the following limits of rational functions where the degree of the numerator and the denominator are equal:

  1. a) $\lim_{x \to +\infty} \frac{6x^2 - 3x + 1}{2x^2 + 5}$
  2. b) $\lim_{x \to -\infty} \frac{-5x^3 + x}{4x^3 - 2x^2 + 1}$
Solve
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Find the limit of the following rational functions given that the degree of the denominator is greater than that of the numerator: a)…

Find the limit of the following rational functions given that the degree of the denominator is greater than that of the numerator:

  1. a) $\lim_{x \to +\infty} \frac{3x + 8}{x^2 - 4x + 2}$
  2. b) $\lim_{x \to -\infty} \frac{x^2 - 1}{x^3 + x^2 - 5}$
Solve
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Find the value of the following limits where the degree of the numerator is greater than that of the denominator: a)…

Find the value of the following limits where the degree of the numerator is greater than that of the denominator:

  1. a) $\lim_{x \to +\infty} \frac{x^3 - 2x^2 + 1}{5x^2 - 3}$
  2. b) $\lim_{x \to -\infty} \frac{-2x^4 + x}{x^2 + 3x - 1}$
Solve

Horizontal asymptotes in real-life problems

When a rational function tends to a specific number at infinity, that number is the horizontal asymptote: the value that the quantity approaches in the long term (a concentration, a population, a price).

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The concentration of a drug in the bloodstream, in milligrams per litre, $t$ hours after administration is given by the function $C(t) = \frac{15t}{t^2 + 4}$. Calculate…

The concentration of a drug in the bloodstream, in milligrams per litre, $t$ hours after administration is given by the function $C(t) = \frac{15t}{t^2 + 4}$. Calculate the limit of the concentration as $t \to +\infty$ and interpret the result in the context of the medical problem.

Solve
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Find the equation of the horizontal asymptote of the function $f(x) = \frac{8x - 5}{2x + 3}$ by calculating the corresponding limits as $x \to +\infty$ and…

Find the equation of the horizontal asymptote of the function $f(x) = \frac{8x - 5}{2x + 3}$ by calculating the corresponding limits as $x \to +\infty$ and $x \to -\infty$.

Solve

Exponentials and roots at infinity

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Calculate the limits of the following exponential functions as $x \to +\infty$ and as $x \to -\infty$: a) $\lim_{x \to +\infty} \left(\frac{3}{5}\right)^x$ b)…

Calculate the limits of the following exponential functions as $x \to +\infty$ and as $x \to -\infty$:

  1. a) $\lim_{x \to +\infty} \left(\frac{3}{5}\right)^x$
  2. b) $\lim_{x \to -\infty} 4^x$
Solve
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Calculate the following limit involving a square root in the numerator: $\lim_{x \to +\infty} \frac{\sqrt{9x^2 + 4x - 1}}{3x + 2}$

Calculate the following limit involving a square root in the numerator:

$\lim_{x \to +\infty} \frac{\sqrt{9x^2 + 4x - 1}}{3x + 2}$

Solve

The indeterminate form $\infty-\infty$ with fractions

When we subtract two fractions that each tend to $\infty$ on their own, the result is not obvious: we must put them over a common denominator before studying the limit.

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Solve the following limit which gives an indeterminate form of the type $\infty - \infty$ by first subtracting the algebraic fractions:…

Solve the following limit which gives an indeterminate form of the type $\infty - \infty$ by first subtracting the algebraic fractions:

$\lim_{x \to +\infty} \left( \frac{x^2 + 2x}{x - 1} - \frac{x^2 - 3}{x + 2} \right)$

Solve

Summary

See all the exercises in this section