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BAC2 ss · Mathematics
Statistics · The normal distribution (continuous variable)

The standardised variable

In the previous section you learned to read the table for $N(0,1)$ only. But almost no real variable — a mark, a weight, a reaction time — has mean $0$ and standard deviation $1$. Standardising is the bridge: it converts any normal distribution into the standard normal, without losing any information, so that you can always use the same table.

Before you start, make sure you know: The normal distribution (1st Bachillerato)
Before you start, make sure you know: First- and second-degree equations (1st Bachillerato)

Standardising and destandardising

Animation of standardising: two points marking μ=1200 and X=1650 drop from the X line to an intermediate line, where they shift to the left when μ is subtracted (the blue one ends up at the origin), and then to the Z line, where they end up at 0 and at 1,5 with the same relative separation. Then they return to the X line. μ=1200 X=1650 0 Z=1,5 X Z
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In a community of content creators, the number of daily video views follows a normal distribution with a mean $\mu = 1200$ and a standard deviation $\sigma = 300$. If an…

In a community of content creators, the number of daily video views follows a normal distribution with a mean $\mu = 1200$ and a standard deviation $\sigma = 300$. If an influencer has obtained $1650$ views today, calculate the value of the standardised variable $Z$ corresponding to this data item.

μ = 1200 σ = 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 X (Views) −2 −1 0 1 2 Z (Standardised) X = 1650 Z = ?
Solve
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Given a continuous random variable $X$ following a normal distribution with mean $\mu = 50$ and standard deviation $\sigma = 8$, find the value of the original variable…

Given a continuous random variable $X$ following a normal distribution with mean $\mu = 50$ and standard deviation $\sigma = 8$, find the value of the original variable $X$ knowing that its standardised value is $Z = 2,25$.

Z −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 0 2,25 X 26 34 42 58 66 74 μ=50 X=? σ=8 2,25 × σ X = μ + Z·σ X = 50 + 2,25·8
Solve

Comparing relative positions

Graphical comparison of two normal distributions with different means and standard deviations, showing the relative position and the standardised value Z of the same score in each. Z=0 Marta Z≈1,55 Pablo Z≈0,93
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Two students from different secondary schools want to compare their marks in an Economics exam. Nerea scored $8,2$ at her school, where the mean was $\mu = 6,5$ and the…

Two students from different secondary schools want to compare their marks in an Economics exam.

  • Nerea scored $8,2$ at her school, where the mean was $\mu = 6,5$ and the standard deviation was $\sigma = 1,1$.

  • Youssef scored $8,5$ at his school, where the mean was $\mu = 7,2$ and the standard deviation was $\sigma = 1,4$.

Calculate the standardised score for both and determine which of the two obtained a better mark relative to their own group.

Solve
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On an online gaming platform, players' scores at the "Legend" level follow a normal distribution with a mean of $\mu = 4500$ points and a standard deviation of…

On an online gaming platform, players' scores at the "Legend" level follow a normal distribution with a mean of $\mu = 4500$ points and a standard deviation of $\sigma = 600$ points. On the other hand, at the "Master" level, scores follow a normal distribution with $\mu = 3800$ points and $\sigma = 450$ points.

A player obtained $5200$ points at the "Legend" level and their friend obtained $4400$ points at the "Master" level. Use the standardised variable to determine which of the two friends achieved a better score relative to their gaming group.

Z −2 −1 0 1 2 z₁ = ? z₂ = ? Legend Level N(4500, 600) x₁ = 5200 z₁ = ? Standardisation Z = (X - μ) / σ Master Level N(3800, 450) x₂ = 4400 z₂ = ?
Solve
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The mental agility of two groups of students is to be compared using a logic test. Group A obtains results following an $N(75, 8)$ distribution and Group B following an…

The mental agility of two groups of students is to be compared using a logic test. Group A obtains results following an $N(75, 8)$ distribution and Group B following an $N(70, 5)$ distribution.

  1. a) If a student in Group A scores $85$ points and a student in Group B scores $78$ points, which of the two is in a better relative position within their own group?
  2. b) In Group B, below what score are the lowest-scoring $20\%$ of students found?
Solve

From the standardised variable to probability

Flow diagram illustrating the conversion, by standardising, of a value X = 35 min in an N(25, 5) distribution to Z = 2 in order to look up its cumulative probability. X = 35 min N(25, 5) standardise Z = 2 P(Z≤2)=0,9772 Z = (X − μ)/σ = (35 − 25)/5 = 2
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The time taken by young people in a city to reach school has been measured. The data follow a normal distribution with $\mu = 25$ minutes and $\sigma = 5$ minutes.…

The time taken by young people in a city to reach school has been measured. The data follow a normal distribution with $\mu = 25$ minutes and $\sigma = 5$ minutes. Standardise the value $X = 35$ minutes. If the standard normal table tells us that $P(Z < 2) = 0,9772$, what percentage of students take less than $35$ minutes to arrive?

Solve
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A study was conducted on the daily time spent by 17-year-olds watching content on streaming platforms. The results show that this time follows a normal distribution…

A study was conducted on the daily time spent by 17-year-olds watching content on streaming platforms. The results show that this time follows a normal distribution $X \sim N(110, 25)$, where time is measured in minutes.

  1. a) Calculate the probability that a randomly chosen young person spends more than $135$ minutes a day on these platforms.
  2. b) What is the probability that the time spent is between $90$ and $120$ minutes?
Solve
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The final marks in the university entrance examination (EBAU) in a certain autonomous community follow a normal distribution with mean $6,8$ and standard deviation…

The final marks in the university entrance examination (EBAU) in a certain autonomous community follow a normal distribution with mean $6,8$ and standard deviation $1,2$.

The university has decided to award a special excellence scholarship to the top $5\%$ of students with the highest marks. Using the standard normal distribution table $N(0,1)$, calculate the minimum mark required to obtain this scholarship.

σ = 1,2 μ = 6,8 k = ? Top 5%
Solve

Finding an unknown mean or standard deviation

Normal curve with unknown mean μ and the value X=8 located to the left of the mean, with the shaded area to its left equal to 0,2514, which allows finding z in the table and destandardising to obtain μ. μ = ? X=8 0,2514
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The battery life of a new smartphone model under heavy use follows a normal distribution with mean $\mu$ hours and standard deviation $\sigma = 1,5$ hours. It is known…

The battery life of a new smartphone model under heavy use follows a normal distribution with mean $\mu$ hours and standard deviation $\sigma = 1,5$ hours.

It is known that $25,14\%$ of the phones have a battery life of less than $8$ hours. Find the value of the mean $\mu$ of this distribution using the process of de-standardisation.

Solve
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In an athletics competition, the time in seconds taken by the participants to complete the 400-metre race follows an $X \sim N(52, \sigma)$ distribution. If it is known…

In an athletics competition, the time in seconds taken by the participants to complete the 400-metre race follows an $X \sim N(52, \sigma)$ distribution.

If it is known that $84,13\%$ of the runners take less than $55$ seconds to finish the race, calculate the standard deviation $\sigma$ of the runners' times.

52 55s Area = 0,8413 X ~ N(52, σ)
Solve
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At a university entrance exam preparation academy, it has been observed that the marks on a mock Mathematics Applied to the Social Sciences exam follow a normal…

At a university entrance exam preparation academy, it has been observed that the marks on a mock Mathematics Applied to the Social Sciences exam follow a normal distribution $N(\mu, \sigma)$. It is known that $15,87\%$ of the students obtained a mark higher than $8$ marks, whereas $2,28\%$ did not reach $3$ marks. Calculate the value of the mean $\mu$ and the standard deviation $\sigma$ of this distribution using the standardised normal table $Z \sim N(0, 1)$.

X ~ N(μ=?, σ=?) 3 μ = ? 8 σ = ? 2,28% 15,87%
Solve

Summary

See all the exercises in this section