Other Inheritance Patterns

Explain what codominance is and give a human example in which two alleles are expressed simultaneously.

Explain the difference between codominance and incomplete dominance, and give an example of each one.

Explain what incomplete dominance is and describe which phenotype appears when crossing a red-flowered plant with a white-flowered plant if the trait follows this pattern.

In the four o'clock plant, flower color shows incomplete dominance: RR is red, Rr is pink and rr is white. Cross a pink-flowered plant with a white-flowered one and state the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring.

In four o'clock plants, flower color shows incomplete dominance: red (RR), pink (Rr) and white (rr). Complete the Punnett square in the diagram, where two pink-flowered plants are crossed, and state the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring.

The alleles $I^A$, $I^B$ and $i$ are involved in blood groups. State which genotypes correspond to blood groups A, B, AB and O.

A person has blood group O. State their genotype and reason whether they can have any $I^A$ or $I^B$ allele.

For the ABO blood groups there are three different alleles, but each person only has two of them. Explain what multiple allelism is and why this happens.

A person with blood group AB and a person with blood group O have a child. State the possible blood groups of the child and their probabilities, excluding each parent's blood group from the possibilities.

A heterozygous blood-group-A woman ($I^A i$) and a heterozygous blood-group-B man ($I^B i$) have a child. State all the blood groups the child can have and the probability of each one.

A person with blood group AB and another with heterozygous blood group A ($I^A i$) have a child. Calculate the probability of each possible blood group in the offspring and reason why the child cannot be group O.

A man with blood group AB and a woman with blood group A have a child with blood group B. Deduce the mother's genotype and explain your reasoning.

A medical emergency occurs in a hospital and a patient with blood type 0 urgently needs a transfusion. When testing their biological parents, it is found that the father is type A and the mother is type B. A student intern claims that there must be an error in parentage, arguing that "two parents with dominant A and B antigens can never produce a type 0 child, who lacks both antigens."

1. a) Refute the student's statement by deducing the exact genotypes that the parents must have, and represent the cross that demonstrates the genetic viability of the patient's birth.
2. b) If this same couple has more offspring, predict the expected phenotypic percentages for each blood type.
3. c) Justify whether any of the future siblings could donate red blood cells to the type 0 patient.

In a hospital maternity ward, a mix-up with three newborns occurred following a technical incident. The blood types of the three babies and the three couples have been determined:

• Baby 1: Type 0

• Baby 2: Type AB

• Baby 3: Type B

• Couple X: Both parents are type AB.

• Couple Y: The mother is type A and the father is type B; both know that their respective fathers (the child's grandfathers) were type 0.

• Couple Z: The mother is type 0 and the father is type AB.

1. a) Reasonably assign each baby to their corresponding couple. To do this, deduce the parents' genotypes and explain why you rule out the other combinations.
2. b) If Couple Y decided to have another child, what would be the probability (in percentage) that they are born with the same blood type as Baby 2?

Explain what it means for a gene to be linked to the X chromosome and reason why men (XY) have only one allele for those genes, while women (XX) have two.

In humans, sex is determined chromosomally: females are XX and males are XY. Explain, using the corresponding cross, why the probability of having a son or a daughter is equal (1:1 ratio) and which parent provides the chromosome that determines the sex of the offspring.

A color-blind man ($X^d Y$) has children with a woman with normal vision who is not a carrier ($X^D X^D$). State the genotypes and phenotypes of the sons and of the daughters, and explain why this type of inheritance is said to go "criss-cross" from fathers to daughters.

A woman who is a carrier of the color-blindness allele ($X^D X^d$) has children with a man with normal vision. What is the probability of each son being color-blind? And each daughter? Reason both answers using a genetic cross.

Queen Victoria of Great Britain was a heterozygous carrier of hemophilia ($X^H X^h$) and her consort, Prince Albert, had normal blood clotting ($X^H Y$). Among their descendant European dynasties, several affected males were observed, but no female with hemophilia.

1. a) A rumor at the time claimed that if Prince Albert had been hemophilic, 100% of the couple's daughters would have been born with the disease. Demonstrate through a genetic cross whether this statement is true or false, indicating the expected phenotypic and genotypic percentages for daughters in that scenario.
2. b) Deduce what two simultaneous genetic and phenotypic conditions had to coincide in both parents for a hemophilic girl to be born in that era.
3. c) Justify at the chromosomal level why males cannot be healthy carriers of an X-linked recessive disease.

A woman with normal vision whose father was color-blind has children with a man with normal vision. Deduce the woman's genotype and calculate the probability of each son being color-blind and of each daughter being a carrier.