Inverse of a Matrix Using Determinants
A video game studio transforms the coordinates of its spaceships with a matrix, and to "undo" the movement it needs the inverse matrix. How can you know in advance whether that inverse exists, and how do you compute it without doing Gauss-Jordan elimination? With determinants you can answer both questions in one go, and it is very useful with $3\times3$ matrices or when a parameter appears.
The adjugate matrix
The sign $(-1)^{i+j}$ follows a checkerboard pattern: it starts with $+$ in position $(1, 1)$ and alternates.
In a strategy video game, the transformation coordinates of a unit are managed using the matrix $B$: $B = \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 0 \\ -3 & 1 \end{pmatrix}$ Find the…
In a strategy video game, the transformation coordinates of a unit are managed using the matrix $B$:
$B = \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 0 \\ -3 & 1 \end{pmatrix}$
Find the adjugate matrix, $Adj(B)$, and check whether the matrix $B$ has an inverse matrix by first calculating its determinant.
The formula for the inverse
Why does it work? When you multiply $A$ by $\operatorname{adj}(A)$, $\det A$ appears on the diagonal and zeros off it, that is, $A\cdot\operatorname{adj}(A)=(\det A)\,I$. Dividing by $\det A$ gives the identity, which is why it can't be done if $\det A=0$.
Calculate the inverse matrix $A^{-1}$ of the following matrix using the determinant method: $A = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 3 & 4 \end{pmatrix}$ Remember that the formula…
Calculate the inverse matrix $A^{-1}$ of the following matrix using the determinant method:
$A = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 3 & 4 \end{pmatrix}$
Remember that the formula is $A^{-1} = \frac{1}{|A|} \times (Adj(A))^t$.
An engineer is designing an automatic control system. For the system to be stable, the coefficient matrix $M$ must not be singular (its determinant must be non-zero).…
An engineer is designing an automatic control system. For the system to be stable, the coefficient matrix $M$ must not be singular (its determinant must be non-zero). Given the matrix:
$M = \begin{pmatrix} m & 4 \\ 1 & m \end{pmatrix}$
Determine for which values of the real parameter $m$ the matrix $M$ is singular and, therefore, the system would not have an inverse.
Computing an inverse step by step
With a $3\times3$ matrix the procedure is the same, but there are 9 cofactors, each one a $2\times2$ determinant. Stay organized and write down the checkerboard signs.
Given the matrix $A$ depending on the real parameter $k$: $$A = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & -1 \\ 0 & k & 3 \\ 4 & 1 & -k \end{pmatrix}$$ a) Determine, giving reasons, the…
Given the matrix $A$ depending on the real parameter $k$:
$$A = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & -1 \\ 0 & k & 3 \\ 4 & 1 & -k \end{pmatrix}$$- a) Determine, giving reasons, the values of $k$ for which the matrix $A$ does not have an inverse.
- b) For the case $k = 0$, calculate the inverse matrix $A^{-1}$ using the adjugate method.
Consider the matrix $A = \begin{pmatrix} x & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & x & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & x \end{pmatrix}$. a) Find the polynomial $P(x) = |A|$. b) Determine the values of $x$ for…
Consider the matrix $A = \begin{pmatrix} x & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & x & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & x \end{pmatrix}$.
- a) Find the polynomial $P(x) = |A|$.
- b) Determine the values of $x$ for which $A$ has no inverse.
- c) For the values of $x$ for which $A$ is invertible, find the expression for $A^{-1}$ in terms of $x$.
- d) Verify that for $x=0$, $A^{-1} = \frac{1}{2}(A^2 - 3I)$ holds true.
The determinant of the inverse and of the adjugate
It is known that the determinant of a square matrix $X$ of order 3 is $|X| = -4$. Without calculating the elements of the matrices, find the value of the following…
It is known that the determinant of a square matrix $X$ of order 3 is $|X| = -4$. Without calculating the elements of the matrices, find the value of the following determinants:
-
a) $|X^{-1}|$
-
b) $|X^2|$
-
c) $|X \times X^t|$
Let $A$ and $B$ be two square matrices of order 3 such that $|A| = 2$ and $|B| = -3$. Using the properties of determinants, calculate the value of the following…
Let $A$ and $B$ be two square matrices of order 3 such that $|A| = 2$ and $|B| = -3$. Using the properties of determinants, calculate the value of the following determinants:
- a) $|A^t \times B|$
- b) $|(2A)^{-1}|$
- c) $|A \times B^{-1} \times A^2|$
- d) $|B \times adj(B)|$ (Recall the relationship between a matrix, its adjugate and its determinant).
Solving for matrices with the inverse
Solve the matrix equation $A \times X = B$, where: $A = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 2 \end{pmatrix}$ and $B = \begin{pmatrix} 4 & -1 \\ 2 & 6 \end{pmatrix}$ To do this,…
Solve the matrix equation $A \times X = B$, where:
$A = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 2 \end{pmatrix}$ and $B = \begin{pmatrix} 4 & -1 \\ 2 & 6 \end{pmatrix}$
To do this, first calculate the inverse of $A$ using determinants and rearrange for the matrix $X$.
Solve the following matrix equation $X \times A + B = C$, where: $$A = \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 1 \\ 3 & 2 \end{pmatrix}, \quad B = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ -1 & 2…
Solve the following matrix equation $X \times A + B = C$, where:
$$A = \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 1 \\ 3 & 2 \end{pmatrix}, \quad B = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ -1 & 2 \end{pmatrix}, \quad C = \begin{pmatrix} 3 & 4 \\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}$$First justify why it is possible to find the inverse matrix of $A$ and rearrange for the unknown $X$ before performing the numerical calculations.
Summary
Back to the beginning: the graphics engine can "undo" the transformation exactly when $\det M\ne0$, and then $M^{-1}=\frac{1}{\det M}\operatorname{adj}(M)$.