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Determinants · Determinants

Inverse of a Matrix Using Determinants

Before you start, make sure you know: Gaussian elimination (High School Year 2 (semesters 3 and 4))

A video game studio transforms the coordinates of its spaceships with a matrix, and to "undo" the movement it needs the inverse matrix. How can you know in advance whether that inverse exists, and how do you compute it without doing Gauss-Jordan elimination? With determinants you can answer both questions in one go, and it is very useful with $3\times3$ matrices or when a parameter appears.

The adjugate matrix

The sign $(-1)^{i+j}$ follows a checkerboard pattern: it starts with $+$ in position $(1, 1)$ and alternates.

Sign rule for cofactors in a 3x3 matrix following the alternating checkerboard pattern. + − + − + − + − + sign of A according to (i, j)
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In a strategy video game, the transformation coordinates of a unit are managed using the matrix $B$: $B = \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 0 \\ -3 & 1 \end{pmatrix}$ Find the…

In a strategy video game, the transformation coordinates of a unit are managed using the matrix $B$:

$B = \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 0 \\ -3 & 1 \end{pmatrix}$

Find the adjugate matrix, $Adj(B)$, and check whether the matrix $B$ has an inverse matrix by first calculating its determinant.

Solve

The formula for the inverse

Why does it work? When you multiply $A$ by $\operatorname{adj}(A)$, $\det A$ appears on the diagonal and zeros off it, that is, $A\cdot\operatorname{adj}(A)=(\det A)\,I$. Dividing by $\det A$ gives the identity, which is why it can't be done if $\det A=0$.

Formula for the inverse using the adjugate and the condition for existence: the determinant must be nonzero. A⁻¹ = (1 / det A) · adj(A) exists ⟺ det A ≠ 0
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Calculate the inverse matrix $A^{-1}$ of the following matrix using the determinant method: $A = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 3 & 4 \end{pmatrix}$ Remember that the formula…

Calculate the inverse matrix $A^{-1}$ of the following matrix using the determinant method:

$A = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 3 & 4 \end{pmatrix}$

Remember that the formula is $A^{-1} = \frac{1}{|A|} \times (Adj(A))^t$.

Solve
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An engineer is designing an automatic control system. For the system to be stable, the coefficient matrix $M$ must not be singular (its determinant must be non-zero).…

An engineer is designing an automatic control system. For the system to be stable, the coefficient matrix $M$ must not be singular (its determinant must be non-zero). Given the matrix:

$M = \begin{pmatrix} m & 4 \\ 1 & m \end{pmatrix}$

Determine for which values of the real parameter $m$ the matrix $M$ is singular and, therefore, the system would not have an inverse.

Solve

Computing an inverse step by step

Three-step diagram for computing the inverse: determinant, cofactors, and transposing and dividing. 1. det A compute the determinant 2. Cofactors one per position, with sign 3. Transpose and divide A⁻¹ = adj(A) / det A always check: A · A⁻¹ = I

With a $3\times3$ matrix the procedure is the same, but there are 9 cofactors, each one a $2\times2$ determinant. Stay organized and write down the checkerboard signs.

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Given the matrix $A$ depending on the real parameter $k$: $$A = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & -1 \\ 0 & k & 3 \\ 4 & 1 & -k \end{pmatrix}$$ a) Determine, giving reasons, the…

Given the matrix $A$ depending on the real parameter $k$:

$$A = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & -1 \\ 0 & k & 3 \\ 4 & 1 & -k \end{pmatrix}$$
  1. a) Determine, giving reasons, the values of $k$ for which the matrix $A$ does not have an inverse.
  2. b) For the case $k = 0$, calculate the inverse matrix $A^{-1}$ using the adjugate method.
A = 1 0 −1 0 k 3 4 1 -k |A| ≠ 0 A⁻¹ exists |A| = 0 A⁻¹ does not exist A⁻¹ = (1 / |A|) · Adj(A)ᵀ
Solve
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Consider the matrix $A = \begin{pmatrix} x & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & x & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & x \end{pmatrix}$. a) Find the polynomial $P(x) = |A|$. b) Determine the values of $x$ for…

Consider the matrix $A = \begin{pmatrix} x & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & x & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & x \end{pmatrix}$.

  1. a) Find the polynomial $P(x) = |A|$.
  2. b) Determine the values of $x$ for which $A$ has no inverse.
  3. c) For the values of $x$ for which $A$ is invertible, find the expression for $A^{-1}$ in terms of $x$.
  4. d) Verify that for $x=0$, $A^{-1} = \frac{1}{2}(A^2 - 3I)$ holds true.
Solve

The determinant of the inverse and of the adjugate

Summary of the formulas for the determinant of the inverse and of the adjugate. det(A⁻¹) = 1 / det A (never equals 0) det(adj A) = (det A)ⁿ⁻¹ n = order of A
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It is known that the determinant of a square matrix $X$ of order 3 is $|X| = -4$. Without calculating the elements of the matrices, find the value of the following…

It is known that the determinant of a square matrix $X$ of order 3 is $|X| = -4$. Without calculating the elements of the matrices, find the value of the following determinants:

  • a) $|X^{-1}|$

  • b) $|X^2|$

  • c) $|X \times X^t|$

Solve
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Let $A$ and $B$ be two square matrices of order 3 such that $|A| = 2$ and $|B| = -3$. Using the properties of determinants, calculate the value of the following…

Let $A$ and $B$ be two square matrices of order 3 such that $|A| = 2$ and $|B| = -3$. Using the properties of determinants, calculate the value of the following determinants:

  1. a) $|A^t \times B|$
  2. b) $|(2A)^{-1}|$
  3. c) $|A \times B^{-1} \times A^2|$
  4. d) $|B \times adj(B)|$ (Recall the relationship between a matrix, its adjugate and its determinant).
Solve

Solving for matrices with the inverse

Solving a matrix equation by multiplying by the inverse on the left or on the right depending on the position of the factor. A · X = B X = A⁻¹ · B A⁻¹ on the left X · A = B X = B · A⁻¹ A⁻¹ on the right
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Solve the matrix equation $A \times X = B$, where: $A = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 2 \end{pmatrix}$ and $B = \begin{pmatrix} 4 & -1 \\ 2 & 6 \end{pmatrix}$ To do this,…

Solve the matrix equation $A \times X = B$, where:

$A = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 2 \end{pmatrix}$ and $B = \begin{pmatrix} 4 & -1 \\ 2 & 6 \end{pmatrix}$

To do this, first calculate the inverse of $A$ using determinants and rearrange for the matrix $X$.

Solve
Practice★★☆Not started
Solve the following matrix equation $X \times A + B = C$, where: $$A = \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 1 \\ 3 & 2 \end{pmatrix}, \quad B = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ -1 & 2…

Solve the following matrix equation $X \times A + B = C$, where:

$$A = \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 1 \\ 3 & 2 \end{pmatrix}, \quad B = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ -1 & 2 \end{pmatrix}, \quad C = \begin{pmatrix} 3 & 4 \\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}$$

First justify why it is possible to find the inverse matrix of $A$ and rearrange for the unknown $X$ before performing the numerical calculations.

Solve

Summary

Back to the beginning: the graphics engine can "undo" the transformation exactly when $\det M\ne0$, and then $M^{-1}=\frac{1}{\det M}\operatorname{adj}(M)$.

See all the exercises in this section