Market structures

Explain what barriers to entry in a market are and describe three examples: an administrative license, enormous start-up costs and a patent. State, in each case, which market structure they favor.

Explain the difference between a homogeneous product and a differentiated product and give two examples of each. Explain in which market structures each type of product is found.

Explain which four conditions define perfect competition (number of firms, type of product, barriers to entry and price-setting power) and why firms in it are said to be "price takers." Illustrate this with the example of a fruit stall at a farmers market.

Define these four market structures and give a real-life example of each, different from those covered in class: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly.

Classify each of these markets into its market structure and justify each decision using the criteria studied: wheat (thousands of farmers with a virtually identical product), hair salons in a city, supermarket chains (four chains account for almost all sales), and a country's natural gas pipeline network (a single pipe reaches each house).

Compare the power over the price of a vegetable farmer (thousands of producers with an almost identical product) and that of one of a country's four cell phone carriers.

1. a) Who is a price taker and why?
2. b) Explain what would happen if the farmer raised his price by $20\ \%$.
3. c) Explain what the carrier would have to weigh before raising its rates by $20\ \%$.

In one country, only four cell phone companies share practically the whole market.

1. a) Identify the structure of that market.
2. b) Point out two features that led you to that conclusion.

The coffee shop market in a city has hundreds of venues, each with its own atmosphere, menu, and more or less loyal clientele.

1. a) Classify the structure of this market and justify it using at least two criteria.
2. b) If a coffee shop raises the price of coffee by $10\ \%$, will it lose all its customers? Relate your answer to product differentiation.

In a city, new boutique gyms open every year (spinning, CrossFit, yoga), each with its own style and schedule, and they coexist with the big chains.

1. a) Classify the structure of this market and justify it with two criteria.
2. b) Explain what role product differentiation and advertising play in this structure.
3. c) Reason what will happen to the extraordinary profits of a very successful gym in the long run if entry into the market is free.

A country's food delivery market is dominated by three large platforms.

1. a) Classify the structure of the market.
2. b) Explain what barriers to entry make it hard for a small new platform to challenge them (already registered users, the network of drivers, agreements with restaurants).

On a highway, there are only three gas stations in $200$ kilometers. When one of them changes its price, the other two copy it within hours.

1. a) Identify the structure of this market and explain what interdependence between firms is.
2. b) Reason why these firms might be tempted to agree on prices (collusion) and what consequences this would have for drivers.

The air route between two capital cities is operated by only two airlines. When one launches a special offer, the other responds within a few days with a similar one; when one improves its schedules, the other imitates it.

1. a) Identify the market structure and explain it.

1. b) Explain what interdependence is and how it shows up in this case.

1. c) Explain why both airlines may want to avoid a price war.

The world music streaming market is dominated by a few platforms that offer similar catalogs but compete with exclusive podcasts, personalized playlists and sound quality.

1. a) Classify the structure of this market.
2. b) Identify two barriers to entry that protect the current platforms.
3. c) Explain why, despite being an oligopoly, they compete more through differentiation than through price.

The figure orders the market structures according to the price-setting power of each firm, but one of the four boxes is empty.

1. a) Which market structure occupies the empty box? Explain your answer based on the features indicated below it.
2. b) Explain what the bottom arrow means and why the four structures are ordered in this way.

A city's drinking water supply is provided by a single utility company.

1. a) What market structure is this? Justify your answer.
2. b) Explain why the firm in this structure is said to have power over the price, unlike a farmer in perfect competition.

A pharmaceutical lab is the only seller of a drug thanks to the patent. When it expires, several generic manufacturers enter the market and the price falls by $60\ \%$.

1. a) What market structure existed while the patent lasted and what type of barrier to entry is it?
2. b) How does the market structure change when the patent expires?
3. c) Explain why the government grants patents (and therefore temporary monopolies) even though monopolies make products more expensive.

Topic challenge. Become an economic consultant by analyzing the coffee shop market or the streaming platforms market in your local area. Prepare a short executive report following these steps:

1. Data collection: Design a micro-survey for $6$ people asking how many monthly units they would demand at three hypothetical prices ($1.00$ dollars, $1.50$ dollars, and $2.50$ dollars). Also note down which real firms compete in that market.

2. Demand and elasticity: Build a table showing aggregate demand, draw the corresponding curve by hand, and calculate the price elasticity of demand between two prices: $E_p = \left| \frac{\% \Delta Q}{\% \Delta P} \right|$. Classify the result as elastic, inelastic, or unit-elastic, explaining the reasons for this sensitivity.

3. Structure and equilibrium: Identify the structure of this market (monopolistic competition, oligopoly...) by analyzing its barriers to entry and product differentiation. Explain how the interaction between supply and demand determines the real equilibrium price by observing your surroundings.

4. Reasoned proposal: Recommend to a business in the sector whether it should raise or lower prices to maximize revenue, relying on the value of elasticity and competitive pressure.

Assessment criteria:

• Accuracy in data tabulation, elasticity calculation, and graphical representation of the curve.

• Coherent justification of the market structure and the forces that determine equilibrium.

• Quality of the report and relevance of the strategic recommendation based on the data obtained.