Communication, motivation, negotiation and leadership

Explain the basic elements of communication (sender, message, channel, receiver, and feedback) using a school example: the school magazine team announces that the deadline for article submissions has been brought forward by one week.

Explain what active listening is and how it differs from 'hearing while you think about your reply'. Write three concrete active-listening behaviours you could practise at your team's next meeting (looking, paraphrasing, asking before giving your opinion…).

Explain what non-verbal communication is and give three examples of messages your body sends during an oral presentation (posture, eye contact, hands). For each one, state which version conveys confidence and which conveys insecurity.

Classify these messages from a project group as assertive, aggressive or passive, and rewrite the last two to make them assertive: (a) 'I won't make Friday's deadline, I need someone to stay with me on Thursday'; (b) 'you're all useless, I have to do everything myself'; (c) 'well, whatever, do what you want'.

Rewrite these two messages from a team member to make them assertive (clear, respectful, and constructive): (a) "You never do anything, you're a mess"; (b) "well, if possible, whenever you can, maybe you could look at the poster, although it doesn't matter". Explain what changes in each version.

Your classmate Aitana has made a poster for the fair and, honestly, the timetable is impossible to understand. Write three versions of your comment: an aggressive one, a passive one and an assertive one with the structure 'fact → effect → proposal'. Explain why the assertive one is the only one likely to get a better poster without souring the atmosphere.

Define what motivating a team means and distinguish two ways of doing it: with external rewards (prizes, grades) and with inner purpose (the project mattering). Give an example of each applied to the team preparing the school magazine.

Distinguish intrinsic motivation (doing something because you want to) from extrinsic motivation (doing it for a reward or a grade). For the charity market team, write two actions that foster each type of motivation and explain which holds up better when difficulties arise.

The school podcast team is getting demotivated: they have made $6$ episodes and $15$ people listen to them. Design three realistic motivation actions for next week (celebrating what has been achieved, making progress visible, giving everyone a voice, setting a nearby goal) and explain what kind of motivation each one feeds and why 'come on, guys' alone is not enough.

Your team and another team want to use the media room on the same day to record. Explain the difference between a win-lose negotiation and a win-win negotiation, and propose two specific win-win agreements for this conflict.

Two clubs share the rehearsal room: the drama club wants it on Tuesdays and the music club wants it too. Propose a step-by-step negotiation: what interests lie behind each position (it's not really about Tuesday, it's about having two uninterrupted hours in silence), which win-win options are possible, and what you would do if none of them works.

In the short film team for the cultural week, three people feel they are doing twice as much work as the other two and threaten to leave. As coordinator, design a mini-negotiation: what would you say in your opening sentence, what facts would you bring to the table, and what win-win agreement would you propose to share out the remaining work?

Identify the leadership style in each case — autocratic, democratic, or laissez-faire — and state which you think is most suitable for a term project and why.

1. a) The coordinator decides everything: tasks, deadlines, and even the colour of the poster.
2. b) The coordinator makes suggestions, but important decisions are voted on as a team.
3. c) The coordinator gives no opinion: 'do whatever you want, let me know later'.

In a school entrepreneurship project without a formal leader, Lucía naturally takes on technical organisation (setting deadlines, distributing tasks, and supervising submissions), while Marcos takes on group cohesion (motivating, seeking consensus, and resolving friction). Faced with a serious delay three days before the final deadline, Lucía demands imposing a strict allocation of extra hours without consulting anyone, while Marcos insists on convening an open assembly to discuss what to do without putting pressure on anyone.

1. a) Predict the impact on performance and team climate if Lucía's strategy is adopted exclusively versus if only Marcos's is adopted.
2. b) As a third member of the team, design an integrative proposal that takes advantage of the strengths of both leadership styles to resolve the emergency without breaking group trust.

During the development of a school cooperative, the coordinator detects that the financial feasibility report prepared by two classmates contains serious errors in the projected costs. If he redoes it alone that night, he guarantees a good grade for the whole group; if he demands that the two authors redo it the next day, the team will miss the early submission deadline and immediate tension will be generated.

1. a) Refute the statement: "A good leader is one who silently takes on the poorly done work of their team to avoid friction and ensure the project's success." Justify your answer from the perspective of servant leadership and team development.
2. b) Design the assertive message that the coordinator should convey to the two classmates involved: define what objective facts he must present, what organisational impact he should point out, and what commitment to support (without impersonating or taking over) he must offer.