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6th Year OL · Mathematics
Functions · Elementary functions

Quadratic functions: parabolas

Before you start, make sure you know: Quadratic equations (3rd Year, Junior Cycle)
Before you start, make sure you know: Standard algebraic identities (2nd Year, Junior Cycle)

A quadratic function, $f(x) = ax^2+bx+c$, has a graph with a turning point (a local maximum or minimum), which a linear function never has. This section finds the features of that curve, the parabola, from the coefficients $a$, $b$ and $c$, so you do not have to plot it point by point.

The quadratic function: general form

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Knowing that the graph of the quadratic function $f(x) = ax^2 + c$ passes through the points $(0, 3)$ and $(2, 11)$, set up a system of equations and calculate the…

Knowing that the graph of the quadratic function $f(x) = ax^2 + c$ passes through the points $(0, 3)$ and $(2, 11)$, set up a system of equations and calculate the values of the parameters $a$ and $c$.

Solve
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State which direction the branches of the parabola $y = -3x^2 + 6x - 1$ open, justifying your answer, and find out whether the vertex of this function corresponds to an…

State which direction the branches of the parabola $y = -3x^2 + 6x - 1$ open, justifying your answer, and find out whether the vertex of this function corresponds to an absolute maximum or minimum. Calculate its coordinates.

Solve

The turning point: using the derivative

The turning point (vertex) is not found by trial and error. At the turning point the slope of the curve is zero, and we find the slope by differentiating.

Graph of a downward-opening parabola with its vertex at the maximum point and the dashed vertical axis of symmetry passing through it. V(xᵥ, yᵥ) axis: x = xᵥ
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Given the quadratic function $f(x) = 2x^2 - 8x + 5$, determine the exact coordinates of its vertex and the equation of its axis of symmetry.

Given the quadratic function $f(x) = 2x^2 - 8x + 5$, determine the exact coordinates of its vertex and the equation of its axis of symmetry.

Solve
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Observe the three parabolas represented in the following figure. Match each of the algebraic expressions with its corresponding graph (A, B or C). 1) $y = -x^2 + 2$ 2)…

Observe the three parabolas represented in the following figure. Match each of the algebraic expressions with its corresponding graph (A, B or C).

1) $y = -x^2 + 2$

2) $y = x^2 - 4x + 4$

3) $y = x^2 - 4$

X Y A B C
Solve
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During a training session, a volleyball player throws the ball upwards. The height $h$ (in metres) reached by the ball as a function of time $t$ (in seconds) is given by…

During a training session, a volleyball player throws the ball upwards. The height $h$ (in metres) reached by the ball as a function of time $t$ (in seconds) is given by the expression $h(t) = -5t^2 + 10t + 2$. What is the maximum height reached by the ball and at what exact instant does it occur?

Solve

The roots and the quadratic formula

The y-intercept is always unique: $f(0)=c$. The x-intercepts need $ax^2+bx+c=0$, solved with the quadratic formula $x=\dfrac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}$ (you will find this in the Formulae and Tables booklet). The number of solutions depends on $b^2-4ac$.

To see the whole idea at work, look at the three-point method.

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Calculate the points of intersection with the coordinate axes (both the x-axis and the y-axis) of the parabola $y = -x^2 + 2x + 8$.

Calculate the points of intersection with the coordinate axes (both the x-axis and the y-axis) of the parabola $y = -x^2 + 2x + 8$.

Solve
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Find algebraically the points of intersection between the parabola $y = x^2 - 4x + 3$ and the line $y = -x + 3$.

Find algebraically the points of intersection between the parabola $y = x^2 - 4x + 3$ and the line $y = -x + 3$.

Solve
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Consider the family of parabolas given by the equation $y = x^2 - kx + 9$. Determine the values of the parameter $k$ for which the parabola is tangent to the x-axis…

Consider the family of parabolas given by the equation $y = x^2 - kx + 9$. Determine the values of the parameter $k$ for which the parabola is tangent to the x-axis (that is, it has a single point of intersection with the x-axis).

Solve

Range and factorised form

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Determine the expanded algebraic expression of a quadratic function $f(x) = ax^2 + bx + c$ knowing that its vertex is the point $V(2, -1)$ and that it passes through the…

Determine the expanded algebraic expression of a quadratic function $f(x) = ax^2 + bx + c$ knowing that its vertex is the point $V(2, -1)$ and that it passes through the point $P(4, 3)$.

Solve
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Look at the graph of the parabola. Determine the coordinates of its vertex and use an additional point from the graph to deduce its algebraic expression in the form…

Look at the graph of the parabola. Determine the coordinates of its vertex and use an additional point from the graph to deduce its algebraic expression in the form $y = a(x-h)^2 + k$. Finally, expand it to the form $y = ax^2 + bx + c$.

X Y 3 1 −2 2
Solve
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Sketch the graph of the function $f(x) = |x^2 - 6x + 5|$. To do this, first find the vertex and the axes intercepts of the inner parabola without the modulus, and…

Sketch the graph of the function $f(x) = |x^2 - 6x + 5|$. To do this, first find the vertex and the axes intercepts of the inner parabola without the modulus, and explain analytically how the modulus affects the final representation.

You can do it on paper and send a photo with your answer.

Solve

Translations and maximum/minimum problems

Animation of a parabola being translated from the position of y = x²: first 2 units horizontally and then 3 vertically, carrying its vertex V(2, −3), until it reaches the position of the vertex form. y = x² V(2, −3)

The solution of a maximum or minimum problem (greatest height, greatest area, greatest profit) modelled by a parabola lies at its turning point. Write the quantity as a function of one variable, solve $f'(x)=0$, use $f''(x)$ to classify it, and answer in context.

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The school PTA is selling raffle tickets to fund the end-of-year trip. If each ticket is sold for $x$ euros, the estimated revenue (in tens of euros) is given by the…

The school PTA is selling raffle tickets to fund the end-of-year trip. If each ticket is sold for $x$ euros, the estimated revenue (in tens of euros) is given by the quadratic function $I(x) = -2x^2 + 48x$. At what price should they sell the tickets to maximise revenue? What is the maximum revenue?

Solve
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A farmer wants to build a rectangular pen for his chickens by taking advantage of an existing long stone wall, so that he only needs to fence three of the four sides of…

A farmer wants to build a rectangular pen for his chickens by taking advantage of an existing long stone wall, so that he only needs to fence three of the four sides of the rectangle. He has $100$ metres of wire fencing available. Determine the dimensions of the pen so that its area is as large as possible, and calculate this maximum area.

Solve
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Given the parabolas $y = x^2 - 2x - 3$ and $y = -x^2 + 4x + 5$, find analytically the exact points where they intersect. Then calculate the straight-line distance…

Given the parabolas $y = x^2 - 2x - 3$ and $y = -x^2 + 4x + 5$, find analytically the exact points where they intersect. Then calculate the straight-line distance between the vertices of both parabolas.

Solve

Summary

See all the exercises in this section