Conservation of energy with and without friction

You throw a ball of $0.5\ \text{kg}$ vertically upwards with a speed of $10\ \text{m/s}$ (take $g = 10\ \text{m/s}^2$ and ignore friction), as shown in the figure.

1. a) What kinetic energy does it have when it leaves your hand?
2. b) Apply the conservation of mechanical energy between the release point and the highest point (where the speed is zero) and calculate the maximum height reached.

A swing swings freely after an initial push, as shown in the figure.

1. a) At which points along the motion is its potential energy maximum? And where is its kinetic energy maximum?
2. b) Describe the energy transformation that takes place as it descends from one extreme to the lowest point.
3. c) If no one pushes it again, the amplitude gradually decreases: which forces are responsible, and what happens to the mechanical energy?

A stone of $2\ \text{kg}$ falls from a cliff of $20\ \text{m}$ (take $g = 10\ \text{m/s}^2$ and ignore air resistance). The situation is shown in the figure.

1. a) What potential energy does it have when it starts to fall?
2. b) If mechanical energy is conserved, what kinetic energy will it have when it reaches the bottom?
3. c) At what speed will it reach the bottom?

A roller coaster carriage passes the highest peak of the track, at $40\ \text{m}$, with a speed of $5\ \text{m/s}$ (take $g = 10\ \text{m/s}^2$ and ignore friction). The situation is shown in the figure.

1. a) Calculate its mechanical energy per kilogram of mass.
2. b) At what speed will it pass through a point located at a height of $10\ \text{m}$?
3. c) Is it necessary to know the mass of the carriage to answer? Justify your answer using the conservation equation.

A roller coaster carriage starts from rest at a peak $45\ \text{m}$ high, descends to a dip at $25\ \text{m}$ and then heads up a second peak of $40\ \text{m}$ (take $g = 10\ \text{m/s}^2$ and ignore friction). The profile of the track is shown in the figure.

1. a) What speed does it pass through the dip with?
2. b) What speed does it pass over the second peak with?
3. c) If there were a third peak at $50\ \text{m}$, would it manage to clear it? Justify your answer using energies and state the minimum height it should start from to achieve it (in the limit, arriving with zero speed).
4. d) Taking into account that in reality there is always friction, explain whether the starting height should be greater or smaller than the one calculated in the previous section.

A pogo stick has a spring that compresses on landing and stretches on take-off.

1. a) Describe the sequence of energy transformations in a complete jump, from the moment the spring is fully compressed until the jumper reaches maximum height.
2. b) Is mechanical energy conserved while the spring pushes? What about during flight? Reason both answers.

A $2\ \text{kg}$ package slides down a metal ramp from a height of $5\ \text{m}$ and reaches the bottom with a speed of $8\ \text{m/s}$ (take $g = 10\ \text{m/s}^2$). The diagram is shown in the figure.

1. a) What potential energy did it have at the top?
2. b) What kinetic energy does it have when it reaches the bottom?
3. c) Has mechanical energy been conserved? Calculate the energy dissipated, which equals the magnitude of the work done by the friction force, $W_{roz} = \Delta E_m$.
4. d) If the ramp is $10\ \text{m}$ long, calculate the average friction force acting on the package.

A box of $4\ \text{kg}$ slides across a horizontal floor with an initial speed of $6\ \text{m/s}$ and comes to a stop due to friction. The coefficient of friction is $\mu = 0.3$ (take $g = 10\ \text{m/s}^2$).

1. a) What kinetic energy did it have when it started to slide?
2. b) Calculate the friction force, $F_{roz} = \mu \times m \times g$.
3. c) The work done by friction dissipates all the kinetic energy: calculate the distance it travels before coming to a stop.

A car of $1200\ \text{kg}$ brakes to a complete stop on dry asphalt, with a coefficient of friction of $\mu = 0.6$ (take $g = 10\ \text{m/s}^2$).

1. a) Calculate the friction force during braking.
2. b) If it was travelling at $30\ \text{m/s}$, calculate its kinetic energy and the braking distance (the work done by friction consumes all the kinetic energy).
3. c) Repeat the calculation for an initial speed of $15\ \text{m/s}$.
4. d) What is the relationship between the two braking distances? Explain the consequence of this result for urban speed limits.

Unit Challenge. How much mechanical energy is dissipated in a bounce? Investigate energy degradation experimentally at home.

1. Data collection: Weigh a ball on a kitchen scale ($\pm 1\text{ g}$) and drop it vertically from four heights ($h_1$: $0.40$; $0.60$; $0.80$; $1.00\text{ m}$). Using a measuring tape ($\pm 0.005\text{ m}$), measure the maximum rebound height ($h_2$). Record on video against a reference wall and repeat $3$ times per height to calculate the mean and its uncertainty.

2. Data processing: Prepare a table with the initial potential energy ($E_{p1} = m \times g \times h_1$), the final one ($E_{p2} = m \times g \times h_2$, taking $g = 9.8\text{ m/s}^2$), and the work dissipated by non-conservative forces ($W_{nc} = \Delta E_m$). Plot $E_{p2}$ versus $E_{p1}$ and fit the line.

3. Conclusions report: Write a brief report justifying the transformation of potential energy into kinetic energy, how inelastic deformation acts during the collision, and the average percentage of energy degraded into sound and heat.

The following will be evaluated:

• Metrological rigor in taking home measurements and handling uncertainties.

• Analytical correctness in the table and in the scatter plot with its trend line.

• Quality of the theoretical justification on the conservation of mechanical energy and the calculation of $W_{nc}$.

State in which of these situations mechanical energy is conserved and in which it is not, justifying your answer with a sentence in each case:

1. a) A satellite in a circular orbit around the Earth.
2. b) A car braking hard to a complete stop.
3. c) An apple falling from a branch (ignore friction).
4. d) A lift ascending at a constant speed.

Explain in your own words what a conservative force is, using weight and the elastic force of a spring as examples, and what happens to the mechanical energy of a system when only forces of this type act. Then give an example of a non-conservative force, state the sign of the work it does on a moving object, and explain its effect on the object's mechanical energy.

In the laboratory, the $0.1\ \text{kg}$ bob of a pendulum is released from rest at a position $45\ \text{cm}$ higher than the lowest point of its swing (take $g = 10\ \text{m/s}^2$ and ignore friction), as shown in the figure.

1. a) Calculate its initial potential energy relative to the lowest point.
2. b) Apply the conservation of energy and calculate the speed with which it passes through the lowest point.
3. c) What height will it reach on the other side of the swing? Justify your answer without performing further calculations.