Bioclimatic architecture and energy saving

Explain what bioclimatic architecture is and name two of its characteristic strategies, stating what each one achieves.

In Spain, why is it beneficial to face the large windows of a house towards the south? Explain what this achieves in winter and what problem may arise in summer.

A classroom gets very hot in the afternoons during June. Propose three bioclimatic solutions (without air conditioning), order them from lowest to highest cost, and explain how each one works.

The figure shows the cross-section of a bioclimatic house, with a wall feature marked with ?. State what this feature is, what function it serves, and explain why the winter sun enters through the window while the summer sun does not.

Explain what thermal insulation in a building is and reason the meaning behind the phrase "insulation is the first form of heating", relating it to energy demand.

A home consumes $1.200\ \text{kWh}$ per year in electric heating (at $0,20\ \text{€/kWh}$). A company assures them: "If you invest $1.800\ \text{€}$ in insulating the facade, you will reduce consumption by $40\ \%$ and pay off the work in about $5$ years, because energy prices keep rising."\na) Calculate the annual financial savings with the current rate and determine how many years it would actually take to pay off the investment without price increases.\nb) Refute the 5-year claim with data: what average price would the kWh need to be paid at during that period to pay off the $1.800\ \text{€}$ in just 5 years? Is it a realistic forecast?\nc) Technically justify whether you would recommend carrying out this work first or whether it would be advisable to prioritize low-cost measures (such as sealing window drafts or programmable thermostats), considering the cost-benefit ratio.

Name three renewable energy sources and three non-renewable ones, and explain the fundamental difference between the two groups in one sentence.

Explain what cross ventilation is, how it is achieved in a home, and why it cools down a space without using electricity.

An office building in Madrid has its four facades completely glazed with conventional curtain walls. The owner company proposes installing identical tinted solar films on all the building's glass to solve the heat problem in summer.\na) Refute why applying an identical solution on all four facades is a bioclimatic design mistake, analyzing solar radiation and thermal and lighting needs on the north facade compared to the south facade.\nb) Design a differentiated passive bioclimatic renovation proposal: indicate what type of solar shading (horizontal or vertical) you would install on the south facade and on the east and west facades considering solar altitude, and what thermal or glazing intervention you would prioritize on the north facade. Justify each decision.

Explain what the thermal insulation of a building is and name the two elements of a home where it is usually most important (roof, facades, windows), justifying your choice.

A flat gets very hot in summer due to a west-facing window that receives the afternoon sun. Propose three solutions (exterior awning, blind, interior reflective film) and analyse the cost and effectiveness of each, explaining why exterior shading works better.

Design the bioclimatic strategy for a new classroom in your local area: orientation of windows, overhangs or awnings, insulation and ventilation. Justify each decision based on the climate of your area.