Ethics of data and artificial intelligence

Explain with an example what algorithmic bias is, and why an artificial intelligence trained on limited or unbalanced data can treat certain groups of people unfairly.

The figure summarises how an artificial intelligence system learns: from examples.

The training data in the example contain many cases of one type and very few of another. Explain what problem will arise in the decision marked with ?, where this problem actually comes from, and how it could be corrected.

A company uses artificial intelligence to screen CVs, and the system rejects more applications from women because in the past the company mainly hired men. Explain where this bias comes from, why "the machine made the decision" does not relieve the company of responsibility, and what measure would fix the system.

Explain what a chatbot is, why it can state made-up facts with complete confidence (so-called "hallucinations"), and what you should always do when it gives you an important piece of information: a date, a figure, or a source.

If a self-driving car hits a pedestrian, who is responsible? Set out the options (owner, manufacturer, programmer, shared liability) and defend an initial position with an argument.

The classic trolley problem applied to self-driving cars: if an accident is unavoidable, how does the car decide whom to put at risk? Analyse who should make that decision (the engineer, the law, a citizen panel) and defend an argued position.

Explain what data a video platform's recommendation algorithm uses to select the next video (what you watch, for how long, what you skip) and why it tends to lead you towards increasingly intense or extreme content.

Explain what it means for an artificial intelligence to function as a "black box", and why it is concerning that even its creators cannot explain a specific decision, such as denying a grant or a loan.

A local council proposes installing facial recognition cameras "to improve security". Construct a balanced argument: two potential benefits, two risks to privacy, and one condition you consider essential before approving the measure.

Artificial intelligence systems learn using "training data". Explain why how these data were obtained matters, and evaluate the case of millions of photos of people being used without their consent to train a facial recognition system.

AI image generators learn from artists' artwork, often without paying or asking for permission. Analyse the conflict between innovation and copyright, and evaluate proposed solutions: training licences, opt-out lists, and labelling generated artwork.

An artificial intelligence composes a song imitating an artist's style. Who owns the work? Analyse the perspectives (the programmer, the user, no one, the imitated artist), what value humans bring to art, and argue for a reasonable solution.

Explain what planned obsolescence is and give an example of a design decision that shortens the lifespan of a mobile phone.

A manufacturer stops updating a mobile phone model after two years even though the device works well. Analyse the interests behind this decision, the environmental impact generated in the form of electronic waste, and what alternatives consumers have to extend the lifespan of the device.

Your phone works perfectly, but "it's no longer trendy". Analyse how this sense of perceived obsolescence is created (advertising campaigns, updates that slow things down, social pressure), and what tools consumers have to avoid falling into this trap.

Training a large artificial intelligence model consumes as much electricity as hundreds of homes in a year, and every query also consumes energy. Explain what sustainability questions companies should answer and what responsible use criteria you could apply.

A school uses artificial intelligence to grade essays. Analyse its advantages (speed, consistent criteria, does not get tired) and its risks (does not understand irony, penalises unconventional styles, errors with no appeal process), and define what human oversight you would demand before accepting its marks.

Artificial intelligence assistants write full texts in seconds. Analyse which uses are legitimate in your studies and which undermine learning, and propose a classroom rule on the use of AI that you consider fair and enforceable.

Design an "ethical traffic light" system for student use of artificial intelligence: which uses would be green (learning, accessibility, practising languages), amber (translating entire homework tasks, generating images of real people), and red (impersonation, fabricating fake news, presenting AI-generated text as your own). Justify each category.