The main groups of living things

Name the five groups of vertebrates and give an example of an animal for each. Also state the characteristic shared by all vertebrates, which gives the group its name.

State which group each of these living things belongs to and justify each answer with a feature of the corresponding group: a frog, a sardine, a cat, a spider, a fern, and a geranium.

State which group of vertebrates each animal belongs to and which feature helped you decide: a salmon, a grass snake, an eagle, a toad, and a cow.

The diagram shows the five groups of vertebrates with a typical trait for each, but one group is missing, marked with "?". State which group it is, describe its defining characteristics, and give two examples of animals from that group.

Explain two differences between amphibians and reptiles (think about the skin and where they lay their eggs) and give an example of each group.

Name two characteristics of birds that allow them to fly and briefly explain how each one helps.

Fish are adapted to life in water. Explain the role of the gills, the fins, and the streamlined body shape.

A classmate makes the following statement: "Since sharks have a skeleton made of cartilage rather than true bone, they should be classified as invertebrates, just like squids or crabs." Refute their stance by pointing out two fundamental differences between the internal skeleton of a shark and the protective coverings or shells of invertebrates, and explain what unique internal structure places the shark within the vertebrate group.

In a stretch of a river, two protected species live together: the brown trout (a fish with branchial respiration) and the Pyrenean desman (a small semiaquatic mammal that dives to hunt larvae). Due to a chemical spill, dissolved oxygen in the water drops to levels close to zero for several weeks, while the water surface and the outside air remain unchanged. Predict, with reasoning, which of the two species will suffer immediate mortality from suffocation and which will better resist the drop in dissolved oxygen, justifying your answer based on their respiratory mechanisms.

Explain what an invertebrate is and name four groups of invertebrates with an example of an animal from each.

How many legs do insects have and how many do arachnids have? Name two animals from each group and point out another visible difference between them.

From this list of animals —dog, ant, spider, earthworm, snail, jellyfish, and trout— first separate the vertebrates from the invertebrates. Then, group the invertebrates into insects, arachnids, worms, molluscs, and jellyfish, stating a feature that helped you decide in each case.

Classify these invertebrates into their group (insect, arachnid, mollusc, crustacean, worm, or other) and justify each choice with a feature: a scorpion, a mussel, a centipede, a prawn, and a sponge.

During a field trip, a group of students collected four unidentified invertebrates:

• Specimen A: soft, unsegmented body, protected by a spiral shell.

• Specimen B: body divided into head, thorax, and abdomen, with 6 legs and a pair of antennae.

• Specimen C: body divided into cephalothorax and abdomen, with 8 legs and no antennae.

• Specimen D: cylindrical body divided into repeated rings, with no legs and moist skin.

Design a simple dichotomous key (based on successive "yes / no" questions about observable traits) that allows anyone to unequivocally identify which group (insects, arachnids, annelids, or gastropods) each specimen belongs to.

In a school garden, a pest of caterpillars appears, voraciously devouring lettuce leaves. Weeks later, the caterpillars form chrysalises and transform into adult butterflies that only drink nectar from flowers. A student states: "Metamorphosis is a disadvantage for the butterfly because the caterpillar and the adult compete with each other for food." Refute the student's statement by explaining what ecological advantage is provided by the radical change in diet and mouthparts between both stages, and predict what consequences the total elimination of the adults would have for the flowering plants in the garden.

Explain the difference between mosses, ferns, and flowering plants, and give an example of each group that you could find near where you live. What type of habitat does each typically grow in?

Name the main parts of a flowering plant (root, stem, leaves, flower, and fruit) and explain the function of each one.

A botanical study compares two slopes of a mountain: the north-facing slope is permanently shaded and moist due to constant dew, while the south-facing slope is dry, sunny, and receives sparse, concentrated rainfall. On the north-facing slope, mosses and ferns thrive, whereas on the south-facing slope, only seed plants (pines and rockroses) manage to survive. Justify this distribution of vegetation by explaining why ferns need liquid water to complete their reproduction and which two structures (related to reproduction) enable seed plants to conquer dry environments.

Compare a dolphin with a tuna: state which group each belongs to and explain two differences between them, thinking about how they breathe and how their young are born and fed.

The sea urchin is named after the hedgehog ("urchin" is an old word for it), but one is a marine invertebrate and the other a mammal. Explain what this case shows about the common names of animals and compare the characteristics of both.

An explorer finds an unknown marine animal: it has a streamlined body, lacks hind limbs, moves by means of flippers, and spends its entire life underwater. However, he observes that it periodically surfaces to take in air and that it gives birth to live young which it feeds with milk. The explorer notes in his journal: "Because of its shape and because it always lives in water, it is a new species of fish." Refute his conclusion by justifying why it should be classified as a mammal, and predict what type of reproduction, fertilisation, and thermal regulation (homeothermic or poikilothermic) you would expect to find in this animal.

In a school laboratory, three unknown organisms are analysed and their cellular and nutritional characteristics are recorded:

• Organism A: unicellular, eukaryotic, with chloroplasts and autotrophic nutrition.

• Organism B: multicellular, heterotrophic by absorption, with a cell wall and lacking true tissues.

• Organism C: multicellular, heterotrophic that ingests food, lives attached to a marine rock, and lacks differentiated tissues.

Determine with reasoning which kingdom each organism belongs to based on its cellular and nutritional data. In addition, explain why organism C belongs to the animal kingdom despite living immobile like a plant.

Look at these three animals: the bat, the sparrow, and the dolphin. If we used a classification criterion based exclusively on the medium through which they move, which two animals would you group together? Explain why this criterion is misleading for biologists and justify, by comparing the internal anatomy of their limbs and their mode of reproduction, why the bat is much more closely related to the dolphin than to the sparrow.

Create a table with three columns —group, main feature, and example— and fill it in for these six groups of living things: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, and insects.