Elements and communication protocols

Explain in your own words what the Internet of Things is and describe two examples of connected objects you know, stating what data they send or receive.

Every IoT system combines four elements: sensors, actuators, connectivity, and an application. Explain what each brings to the system and give a specific example of each element within a smart home.

The figure shows the architecture of an IoT system that monitors plant moisture: the sensor sends data via Wi-Fi to the network and the user views it on a cell phone app, but one of the elements is covered by a question mark, as shown in the figure.

Indicate which element is missing from the chain and what functions it performs (storing and processing data, being accessible from anywhere...). Then, describe the complete journey of a piece of data from the plant to the cell phone screen.

Explain what a sensor is and describe three common sensors in IoT devices (temperature, humidity, light, motion, distance...), stating what each one measures.

Explain what an actuator is and describe three actuators in a smart home (smart plug relay, motorized lock, irrigation valve), stating what action each one performs.

Explain in your own words what an IP address is and why every device connected to a network needs a unique address (it works like the device's mailing address within the network).

In a smart garden app, the data item "moisture 38%" and the message "water this afternoon" are not the same thing. Explain the difference between data and information, and which part of the system converts the former into the latter.

What is Bluetooth pairing? Describe a situation in which you have used it and what security is provided by requiring two devices to pair before communicating.

Compare Wi-Fi and Bluetooth as protocols for an IoT device (range, power consumption, speed, network requirement) and reason which you would choose for: (a) a fitness tracker that synchronizes with a cell phone and (b) a security camera that sends real-time video.

A farmer wants to install twenty soil moisture sensors spread across a field where there is no Wi-Fi coverage. Propose a reasonable connectivity solution (low-power long-range network, intermediate gateway...) and justify your choice compared to simply using Wi-Fi or Bluetooth.

Choose and justify the connectivity (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth or cellular data) for: (a) a sports watch that syncs with a cell phone, (b) a video doorbell that streams live video, and (c) a bicycle tracker that may be far from home. Consider the range, battery consumption and data cost in each case.

A battery-powered sensor cannot transmit continuously without draining the batteries. Explain two energy-saving strategies in IoT (putting the device to sleep between measurements, sending summaries at intervals instead of every reading) and what is sacrificed with each (immediacy, level of detail).

Analyze a smart thermostat: identify what data it captures, where it is processed (on the device itself or in the cloud), what decisions it makes automatically, and what the user sees and can command from the app.

Some sensors do not connect directly to the Internet, but to a gateway that speaks on their behalf. Explain what an IoT gateway is, when it is needed (sensors using low-power protocols without their own IP address, installations with many sensors), and what management advantage it provides.

Analyze a smart speaker with a voice assistant: what processing occurs on the device itself (detecting the wake word) and what occurs in the cloud (understanding the request and responding), and what features become unavailable when the Internet connection drops.

In an automated school greenhouse, it is detected that plants suffer from fungal diseases because the system waters indiscriminately whenever soil moisture drops below 30 %, even at night or under high ambient humidity; furthermore, an occasional Wi-Fi drop caused a flood because the valve remained open. Redesign the IoT system: 1) Select and justify which additional sensors you must incorporate besides the soil moisture sensor. 2) Design a logical control algorithm with compound conditions (soil moisture, ambient humidity, temperature, and time window) to optimize irrigation and prevent plant diseases. 3) Reasonably justify whether the decision to open or close the solenoid valve should be executed on the local microcontroller (Edge Computing) or on a cloud server to ensure facility safety during network outages.

A company proposes installing a 100 % cloud-dependent fire alarm and environmental control system in a high school: smoke and CO2 sensors send readings via Wi-Fi to a remote server, which processes the data and sends commands back to actuators to sound sirens and open dampers. Technically refute this proposal by evaluating the risks of latency, network availability, and single points of failure during an emergency. Next, design a hybrid architecture (Edge Computing and Cloud Computing) detailing which specific functions must strictly be executed locally in real time and which should be delegated to the cloud, justifying the division of tasks.

An IP camera comes with the factory password "admin/admin". Analyze the specific risk of not changing it (lists of default passwords circulate on the Internet and devices can be found with specialized search engines) and describe two basic security measures for any home IoT device.

The contract for a new IoT voice assistant states that the device periodically records and uploads audio snippets to the server to "train acoustic recognition algorithms and improve user experience". As the person in charge of privacy and technological design: 1) Analyze the technical difference between local processing of the wake word on the device's chip and streaming audio directly to the cloud, evaluating the risks of leaking private conversations or minors' data. 2) Design three rigorous technical requirements (at the hardware, encryption, and data retention policy levels) that you would impose on the manufacturer to prevent passive monitoring without consent before authorizing its purchase.