Scientific Notation

Calculate the value of the following powers. Pay close attention to the use of brackets and the sign of the base, as this is one of the most common mistakes in this topic.

1. a) $2^4$
2. b) $(-2)^4$
3. c) $-2^4$
4. d) $(-3)^3$
5. e) $-3^3$
6. f) $5^0$

Look at the following image which geometrically represents the difference between $2^2$ and $2^3$. Could you draw in your notebook how $3^2$ would be represented?

Transform the following powers with a negative exponent into fractions with a positive exponent, and vice versa. Calculate the final value where possible.

This exercise will help you to fluently handle the property $a^{-n} = \frac{1}{a^n}$.

1. a) $2^{-3}$
2. b) $5^{-2}$
3. c) $\frac{1}{3^2}$
4. d) $10^{-1}$
5. e) $\frac{1}{2^{-4}}$
6. f) $(\frac{2}{3})^{-2}$

Use the properties of powers to simplify the following expressions and leave them as a single power. You do not need to calculate the final result, just express the resulting power.

Remember that:

• To multiply powers with the same base, we add the exponents.

• To divide powers with the same base, we subtract the exponents.

• To raise a power to another power, we multiply the exponents.

1. a) $3^5 \cdot 3^2$
2. b) $7^8 : 7^3$
3. c) $(2^3)^4$
4. d) $x^4 \cdot x \cdot x^2$
5. e) $\frac{5^7}{5^2}$
6. f) $(10^2)^3 \cdot 10^4$

State whether the following statements are True or False. If any are false, write the correct expression in your notebook.

1. a) $2^3 \cdot 2^4 = 2^{12}$
2. b) $3^{-2} = -9$
3. c) $(5^2)^3 = 5^6$
4. d) $\frac{a^5}{a^5} = 0$
5. e) $4^2 \cdot 3^2 = 12^2$

Simplify the following expressions using the properties of powers and express the final result as a single power with a positive exponent.

1. a) $\frac{3^5 \cdot 3^{-2}}{3^7}$
2. b) $(5^3 \cdot 5^{-4})^{-2}$
3. c) $\frac{2^4 \cdot (2^3)^2}{2^{-2}}$

Simplify the following algebraic expression using the properties of powers. You must decompose the bases into prime factors, operate and express the final result as an irreducible fraction with positive exponents. It is not necessary to calculate the final numerical value, just the simplified power.

$$ \frac{15^{-2} \cdot 4^3 \cdot (-3)^4}{(-10)^2 \cdot (2^{-2})^{-3} \cdot 9^{-1}} $$

Find the value of $x$ in the following exponential equation using the properties of powers. To do this, express all the numbers as powers with the same base (base 3).

$$ \frac{3^x \cdot 9^2}{27^{-1}} = \left( \frac{1}{3} \right)^{-5} $$

We have a giant cubic tank designed to store water for irrigation. The edge of this tank measures $2^5$ meters.

1. a) Express the volume of the tank in cubic meters using a single power with base 2.
2. b) Knowing that $1 \text{ m}^3 = 1000 \text{ liters}$, express the total capacity of the tank in liters using standard form.
3. c) If the tank is half full, how many liters does it contain? Express the result as a power with base 2 multiplied by a power with base 10.

In our daily lives, and especially in technology, we use very large numbers. Write the following quantities related to social media and the internet in standard form.

Remember that standard form has the format $a \cdot 10^n$, where $1 \le a < 10$.

1. a) Number of views of the most watched video of the month: 12,500,000 views.
2. b) Amount of bytes in a Terabyte (TB): 1,000,000,000,000 bytes.
3. c) Approximate number of users of a social network: 2,900,000,000 users.
4. d) Your age in seconds (approximately, calculating 14 years): 441,500,000 seconds.

Now we are going to work with the very small. Biology and physics use standard form to measure things we cannot see with the naked eye.

Write the following measurements in standard form:

1. a) The diameter of a red blood cell: 0.0000075 meters.
2. b) The approximate size of a flu virus: 0.00000012 meters.
3. c) The mass of a fine grain of dust: 0.00000067 grams.
4. d) The time it takes for light to travel one meter: 0.0000000033 seconds.

Look at the image to visualise the microscopic scale:

In the study of natural sciences, we encounter extremely large and extremely small magnitudes. Below are four real measurements. Your task is to:

1. Write each of the measurements in standard form.

2. Order them from smallest to largest.

3. Diameter of the flu virus: $0,00000012$ m

4. Distance from the Earth to the Sun: $149600000$ km

5. Mass of a dust particle: $0,000000000753$ kg

6. Estimated age of the Earth: $4540000000$ years

Order the following numbers from smallest to largest. To do this, look closely at the exponent of the power of 10. If the exponents are equal, compare the decimal number.

$$ 3.2 \cdot 10^5 \quad ; \quad 1.5 \cdot 10^6 \quad ; \quad 8.9 \cdot 10^4 \quad ; \quad 3.1 \cdot 10^5 $$

Use the symbol $<$ to write the final answer.

The speed of light in a vacuum is approximately $3 \cdot 10^8$ m/s. A spacecraft sends a radio signal from Mars to Earth. If at that moment the distance between the two planets is $2,25 \cdot 10^8$ km:

1. a) Express the distance in meters using standard form.
2. b) Calculate how long (in seconds) the signal takes to reach Earth.
3. c) Express this time in minutes.

(Remember that speed $v$, distance $e$ and time $t$ are related by $e = v \cdot t$).

A cloud storage service offers its users 2 TB (Terabytes) of space. Knowing that the approximate equivalents in the computer system are:

• $1 \text{ TB} = 10^{12} \text{ bytes}$

• $1 \text{ GB} = 10^9 \text{ bytes}$

• $1 \text{ MB} = 10^6 \text{ bytes}$

If a user has a photo collection where each photo takes up an average of 4 MB:

1. a) How many total bytes of storage does the user have available? Express it in standard form.
2. b) Approximately how many photos can they save in their cloud before filling it?

The Voyager 1 space probe is the furthest human-made object. Imagine it is at an approximate distance of $2,3 \cdot 10^{10}$ kilometers from Earth.

If the probe sends a radio signal towards us, and knowing that signals travel at the speed of light ($3 \cdot 10^5$ km/s):

1. a) Calculate how long (in seconds) the signal takes to reach Earth. Express the result in standard form.
2. b) Convert this time to hours and express it as a decimal number rounded to two decimal places.

An influencer is analysing their social media statistics to see the growth of their audience.

• On Instagram they have $1,25 \cdot 10^5$ followers.

• On TikTok they have $8,4 \cdot 10^4$ followers.

• On YouTube they have $2,1 \cdot 10^5$ subscribers.

1. a) Calculate the total number of followers by adding the three platforms. Express the result in standard form.
2. b) If they expect their total audience to grow by $10\%$ next month, how many followers will they have in total?

A water molecule ($H_2O$) is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The masses of these atoms are approximately:

• Mass of Hydrogen atom: $1,67 \cdot 10^{-24}$ g

• Mass of Oxygen atom: $2,66 \cdot 10^{-23}$ g

1. a) To be able to add the masses, express the mass of the oxygen atom as a number multiplied by $10^{-24}$.
2. b) Calculate the total mass of a single water molecule ($2 \times \text{Hidrógeno} + 1 \times \text{Oxígeno}$). Express the final result in standard form.

Perform the following combined operations with standard form without using a calculator for the intermediate steps. You must adjust the exponents to be able to add or subtract and apply the properties to multiply or divide. Express the final result in correctly normalized standard form.

$$ \frac{(3,2 \cdot 10^{-4}) + (1,8 \cdot 10^{-3})}{2 \cdot 10^{-2}} \cdot (4 \cdot 10^6) $$

The human body contains approximately $3,7 \cdot 10^{13}$ cells. It is estimated that each cell has an average mass of $2 \cdot 10^{-9}$ grams.

1. a) Calculate the total mass of a person's cells in grams.
2. b) Convert the previous result to kilograms.
3. c) If a bacterium weighs $10$ times less than a human cell, what is the mass of a bacterium in standard form?

A cubic reservoir has an edge of $4 \cdot 10^2$ meters.

1. a) Calculate the volume of the reservoir in cubic meters ($m^3$) and express the result in standard form.
2. b) Knowing that $1 \text{ m}^3 = 1000 \text{ liters}$, calculate the total capacity of the reservoir in liters, also expressed in standard form.
3. c) If the reservoir is only $50\%$ full, how many liters of water does it contain?

A sheet of paper has an approximate thickness of $10^{-4}$ meters. Imagine we could fold the sheet in half as many times as we wanted.

1. a) Write an expression in the form of a power that indicates the thickness of the stack of paper after making $n$ folds.
2. b) If we managed to fold the sheet 42 times (something physically impossible, but mathematically calculable), what would be the thickness of the stack in kilometers?
3. c) Compare the result with the average distance from the Earth to the Moon ($3,84 \cdot 10^5$ km). Would the thickness of the paper exceed this distance?