"Types of cell: prokaryotic and eukaryotic"

All cells, whatever their type, share three basic components. State them and explain the function of each one.

Explain the fundamental difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell, and give an example of a living thing with each cell type.

Explain what the cell nucleus is, what it contains, and which types of cells have one.

What is the function of the cell membrane? Explain what would happen if the cell lost it, comparing it with what losing your skin would mean for you.

What are mitochondria for? Reason in which cells of your body you think they will be very abundant.

In the diagram of an animal eukaryotic cell, number 1 points to a large, spherical structure located in the central area, while number 2 points to an oval organelle with internal folds or cristae. State which number points to the nucleus and which number points to a mitochondrion, and explain the function of both structures.

Which organelle makes the green parts of plants green? Explain which process takes place in it and why it is so important for life on Earth.

Draw up a comparative table of animal and plant cells with these rows: cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuoles, and typical cell shape.

The central vacuole of a plant cell can occupy most of its interior. Explain what it contains, what functions it performs (storing water and substances, keeping the cell firm), and what happens to a plant when its vacuoles lose water.

A bacterium is about $2\ \mu\text{m}$ long and an animal cell is about $20\ \mu\text{m}$ in diameter. Calculate how many bacteria in a row would fit across the diameter of an animal cell. Assuming that both were spherical, also calculate the surface area of each cell's membrane using the formula $S = 4\pi r^2$ and work out how many times larger the animal cell's membrane surface area is. Use both results to explain why eukaryotic cells can afford to be much larger and what problem size poses when exchanging substances with their surroundings.

You observe a drop of stagnant water under an optical microscope. The circular field of view you see through the eyepiece measures $1\ \text{mm}$ in diameter ($1000\ \mu\text{m}$). In it, you distinguish a single-celled amoeba of about $200\ \mu\text{m}$ and several elongated bacteria of about $2\ \mu\text{m}$.

1. a) Calculate how many bacteria lined up in a row would be needed to cross the diameter of the microscope's field of view from one side to the other, and how many amoebas would be needed to do the same.
2. b) The resolution limit of the human eye (the minimum distance between two points to distinguish them separately) is approximately $0,1\ \text{mm}$ ($100\ \mu\text{m}$). Justify with numerical data why a person with good eyesight might just perceive the amoeba with the naked eye as a tiny speck, whereas to see the bacterium, a microscope is strictly essential.
3. c) If an amoeba and a bacterium are both single-celled organisms, why would it be very difficult for a typical prokaryotic bacterium to grow to the size of a $200\ \mu\text{m}$ amoeba? Reason what problem a giant bacterium would have in exchanging and distributing nutrients toward its centre without organelles or internal transport systems.