The Digestive System

Order the following organs according to the path followed by the bolus of food from the moment it enters the body until faeces are expelled: large intestine, oesophagus, anus, mouth, small intestine, stomach.

Marta has eaten a ham sandwich. Describe the path the food will take through her digestive system, naming in order the organs it will pass through until the unabsorbed waste leaves the body.

Briefly explain what happens to food in the stomach and in the small intestine.

Explain the difference between mechanical digestion and chemical digestion, and give an example of each, indicating the organ where it takes place.

A person suffers from a stomach ulcer and the doctor recommends avoiding very fatty foods. Knowing that the stomach mainly digests proteins, explain where fats will be mainly digested and why reducing the workload of the stomach can help its recovery.

In the image of the digestive system, locate the liver and the pancreas. These two organs are not part of the digestive tract, but are accessory glands. Explain what this means and state the function of each in digestion.

Carlos had his gallbladder surgically removed. His friend Marcos tells him: "From now on, your body won't be able to digest fats anymore because you've lost the organ that makes bile."

1. a) Identify the two scientific errors in Marcos's statement and correct them, explaining precisely which organ actually produces bile and what the exact function of the gallbladder was.
2. b) The doctor has warned Carlos to avoid high-fat meals. Explain at a physical and chemical level what happens to fats in the duodenum when a concentrated discharge of bile is not available, and why pancreatic lipase enzymes have difficulty acting if bile only arrives in a slow, continuous trickle.

In a patient with undiagnosed celiac disease, the immune reaction to gluten has destroyed and flattened the villi of their small intestine, reducing their internal absorption surface area from about $250\ \text{m}^2$ to less than $15\ \text{m}^2$. Even though this person eats an adequate amount of food daily ($2400\ \text{kcal}$), they are rapidly losing weight and suffer from anemia and constant fatigue.

1. a) Justify why weight loss and symptoms of malnutrition occur despite the patient eating properly, linking it to the function of intestinal villi.
2. b) A family member suggests: "If the problem is that you absorb very little, you just need to eat three times as much food a day to make up for it." Scientifically reason whether this solution would work or what problems it would cause to their digestive system.

For prolonged space missions, it is proposed to feed astronauts with liquid preparations where proteins are already broken down into free amino acids, complex carbohydrates into glucose, and lipids into fatty acids and glycerol. An astronaut claims: "With this shake, the stomach and pancreas will have to work twice as hard to digest everything very quickly."

1. a) Refute the astronaut's claim by explaining which mechanical and chemical stages of digestion are completely spared and which digestive secretions will see their activity drastically reduced.
2. b) Deduce in which section of the digestive tract the nutrients from this preparation will mainly be absorbed, and predict what consequences the prolonged absence of fiber and solid waste in the diet will have on the motility and health of the large intestine.